The Move from Doubt to Certainty Essay Example for Free

The Move from Doubt to Certainty Essay Descartes is interested in the certainty of his existence and the existence of other people and things. Descartes beliefs vary from those of Socrates. Descartes argues that knowledge is acquired through awareness and experience. Using this approach, Descartes moves through doubt to certainty of his existence. He asks himself various questions about the certainty of his existence and solves them through clear thought and logic. Using this method Descartes establishes doubts to be truths and by the end of the book, he has established that he does indeed exist. In this paper, I will show how Descartes moves through doubt to certainty. I will explain how Descartes uses the cogito, proves the existence of God and what that means to his existence. I will also discuss the general rules of truth that Descartes establishes. In the First Meditation Descartes begins to examine what is certain and what is doubtful. Descartes wants to establish that his knowledge is certain and not doubtful. He states, I had accepted many false opinions as being true, and that what I had based on such insecure principles could only be most doubtful and uncertain; so that I had to undertake seriously once in my life to rid myself of all opinions I had adopted up to then, and to begin, and to begin afresh from the foundations, if I wished to establish something firm and constant in the sciences. (Descartes 95) By this Descartes means that he wishes to establish a foundation for his knowledge based on certainty instead of doubt. Descartes first looks at the senses. This is important because the senses are the first thing to cause doubt. He focuses on the perception of things. He says that things far from him, in the distance, give him reason to doubt their certainty, while things that are close to him are indubitable and he is clear about their certainty. However, Descartes realizes that dreams pose an obstacle to his beliefs. Even up close, dreams can be indubitable. Descartes believes that if a person has had a dream that was so intense that the person could not determine it form reality, then they have reason to doubt objects that are close to us and appear to be indubitable. In order to resolve this problem, Descartes suggests that one must examine whether they are dreaming or not. Descartes realizes that he can not rely on his senses anymore to give him dubitable truths. He turns to find something that is indubitable. Descartes tries to use science as a foundation for truth. He discards physics, astronomy, and medicine because all three of them rely upon the senses. we shall not be wrong in concluding that physics, astronomy, and medicine, and all the other sciences that depend on the consideration of composite things, are most doubtful and uncertain (Descartes 98). However, Descartes finds that such things as geometry and arithmetic can be trusted because their are no senses involved. They are based upon logic. whether I am awake or asleep, two and three added together always makes five, and a square always has four sides; and it does not seem possible that truths so apparent can be suspected of any falsity or uncertainty(98). However, Descartes finds reason to even doubt this. The only thing that could makes these truths dubitable is through the intervention by an Evil Deceiver (God). Descartes cannot prove that God is good and has to acknowledge that God has the power to deceive. Therefore, Descartes must doubt all things until he can prove their certainty. Descartes comes to call this doubt Universal Doubt. In the Second Meditation, Descartes examine the existence of himself. He concludes that if he cannot prove something exists then how does he know with certainty that he exists. It is his doubt of his existence that Descartes uses to prove his existence. Descartes realizes that if he is able to doubt then he does indeed exists. He take the approach that, I think therefore I am to establish a certainty that he exists. This idea also known as the cogito becomes the central point that Descartes will use for the remaining of his meditations. Descartes affirms his existence every time he thinks, doubts, or is persuaded(Descartes 103). Descartes affirms that if there is an Evil Deceiver then Descartes must exist because in order for God to deceive, Descartes he must first exist. Although, Descartes has proved his existence he can only prove it in the mental capacity. He does not know for certain that he exists in the physical form. The only way, at this time, that Descartes can prove the existence of his body is through his senses. He has already established that his senses are dubitable and therefore cannot tell him with certainty that his body exists. In order to get a better understanding of his relationship between his body and mind, Descartes melts a piece of wax. He observes the wax in two different states, the first in a solid form and the second in a melted form. He questions how his senses can show him two entirely different forms of the same substance; yet he knows that the substance, in both states, although completely different, is wax. The mind was able to understand the essence of the wax. Although the senses were not entirely capable of making the connection between the two forms of wax, the senses assisted the mind in determining what the substance was. This experiment proves to be important to Descartes because he is able to make a link between the senses and the mind. Using his experiment, Descartes enters his Third Meditation using his general rule of truth that all things we conceive very clearly and distinctly are true(Descartes 113). However, there is one flaw to his thoughts. If God is an evil deceiver than this cannot be true. Descartes proceeds to establish that God is good and does not deceive. Descartes uses three points to establish the existence God. These points are ideas. The first one is adventitious ideas; those ideas that come from outside experiences. The second is invented ideas; those that are derived from the imagination such as sirens and chimera. The final is innate ideas; those that are within one when they are born. Descartes uses two more points to further establish that God exists. He uses the ideas of infinite and perfect. These two ideas, Descartes cannot account for. The only way for such things to come about would be from an infinite and perfect being such as God. These ideas have a direct relationship with God. In order for a finite beings such as Descartes to have a concept of infinite it must have been planted there by an infinite being such as God. Descartes concludes this idea to be true because one cannot derive the idea of infinite by negating the finite(Descartes 125). An example of this would be the use of a number line. The number line will never be able to illustrate infinity. One could negate every number on a number line and still not arrive at infinity. Therefore, Descartes concludes that God does exist and therefore is not an evil deceiver. Because God has supplied us with the innate ideas of perfection and infinity, God, therefore, must be infinite and perfect. Descartes states that, Whence it is clear enough that he cannot be a deceiver, for the natural light teaches us that deceit stems necessarily from some defect(Descartes 131). Since God is perfect he is not an evil deceiver. It is important to realize that by the time Descartes has reached his Fourth Meditation he has proved three important things. The first is that doubt is not universal. The second is that there is a general rule of truth. The third is that God exists and cannot be an evil deceiver. However, Descartes raises a question: If God exists and cannot be an evil deceiver then why are humans imperfect and perpetually making errors? Descartes explains this through the explanation of free will. Descartes states that God has given all humans free will. This is the cause of human error. Because we have free will, humans are able to make choices and decisions free from the influence of God. Sometimes free will interferes with Gods ability to help humans and therefore humans sometimes make poor decisions. If God did not give humans free will than God would play a direct role in every decision made by humans. It is because God gives humans free will that allows for human error. Descartes Fifth and Sixth Meditations begins with the establishment of his remaining doubts and the application of what he has discovered. The first question deals with the essence of color, mathematical, and geometrical truths. The second is the existence of people and things. The third is determining the difference between dreams and reality. Descartes reiterates that God is not an evil deceiver and therefore he can clearly conceive something to be true. He reiterates that if he conceives God correctly then God is perfect. Imperfection is not compatible with Gods omnipotence. A non-existent thing cannot be perfect. Even a non-existent perfect thing is imperfect and all perfect things are perfect. Descartes also restates that a perfect thing cannot deceive. With this knowledge, Descartes proceeds to solve his second problem. The existence of corporeal(physical things) exist with certainty. Since God is not an evil deceiver, the idea of physical things is accurate. Although some perceptions will still be blurry and may confuse Descartes objects do indeed exist. He concludes that he just has to be more judgmental of those perceptions. But as concerns other things, which are either only particular, as,, for example, that the sun is of such a size and shape, etc. , or are perceived less clearly and distinctly, as in the case of light, sound and pain and so on, although they are very doubtful and uncertain, nevertheless, from the fact alone that God is not a deceiver, and has consequently permitted no falsity in my opinions (Descartes 158) Descartes now knows for certain that he has a body. Descartes realizes that, I have a body, which is ill disposed when I feel pain, which needs to eat and drink when I have feelings of hunger or thirst etc. (Descartes 159). Because of these feeling that Descartes has and because God is not an evil deceiver than Descartes is indeed lodged in a body and is an entire entity with it. Descartes finally analyzes his third doubt. He now has the ability to distinguish between being awake and dreaming. When we are awake, Descartes states, are mind flows in an uninterrupted, continuous sequence. When we are dreaming, our mind does not flow in a consistent, and undisturbed sequence. When a person has a break in the consistency of events, they are dreaming. when I perceive things which I clearly know both the place they come from and that in which they are, and the time at which they appear to me, and when, without any interruption, I can link the perception I have of them with the whole of the rest of my life, I am fully assured that it is not in sleep that I am perceiving them but while I am awake(Descartes 168) After establishing certainty to his doubts, Descartes states, And I must reject all the doubts of the last few days as hyperbolic and ridiculous, particularly the general uncertainty about sleep, which I could not distinguish for a wakeful state (Descartes 168). With that Descartes concludes his meditations and uncertainties. Although Descartes makes a sound argument there were some people that disagreed with his theories. One of those people was John Locke. The beliefs of Locke, who was an empiricists, were similar to those of the Sophist during the time of Socrates. He argued that when a person was born their mind was empty. A person obtained knowledge through experiences. He also felt that if a person misinterpreted an experience it could lead to doubt or skepticism. Locke tries to prove Descartes wrong by saying that there are no innate ideas. He states that by understanding our own mind we can deter doubt. Locke proposes three separate possibilities about truth. The first is that there is no such thing as truth. The second is that there is no way to obtain truth. The third reason is that we can understand implied things but not be absolutely certain about them. Locke believed that we never deal with certainty and everyday we deal with possibility. and it will be unpardonable, as well as childish peevishness, if we undervalue the advantage of our knowledge and neglect to improve it to ends for which it has given us, because there are some things that are set out of the reach of it. (Locke 57). Locke states that not all innate ideas come from natural ability. He says that a universal consent does not prove innate ideas. They could arise from experience. Locke supports this theory by saying that innate ideas are neither in children nor idiots. If these ideas were innate then everyone would have them. He further states that mathematical truths are learned from experience and are not innate ideas. Descartes and Locke were two men with completely different views. They each set out to prove their own existence in a different fashion. Although they do not agree with each other, each one of them presents a clear and intelligent argument. It is these arguments that have encouraged the human race to consider the possibility of existence long after the death of Descartes and Locke. People will continue to debate their viewpoints for years to come and maybe, one day we will know the meaning of existence.

A Seperate Peace :: essays research papers

The book, A Separate Peace, written by John Knowles, can be related to adolescence in several ways. The attendants of this school face many new experiences during the course of their stay, many of which occur in their last year. This is where the book picks up. The book takes place at the Devon School, in the summer session of 1942. Throughout this book, the children are constantly fighting and fearing adulthood and their future. The pressure to be successful and layout a plan for the future is always upon students in school. Also, the constant reminder of World War || lays like heavy blankets over them, smothering at all times. Many of the students at the Devon School accept this pressure and continue to press on, while others may crack. Adolescence is conveyed throughout this book through many points. One of which is the society established by both Gene and Finny, known as the Super Suicide Society of the Summer Session.  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The Super Suicide Society of the Summer Session was the main activity that kept the student's minds off the war. Their society was established on the banks of the Devon River, a river that passed through school grounds. This river was quite the opposite of the Naguamsett River. The Naguamsett was rough, cloudy, and unpredictable, much like the students' futures. The Devon River was smooth and fresh, with clear waters, and was pure like their childhood. To join the society, you would have to jump from the tree into the river, testing your courage. Once it had been done, everyone else wanted to try and out-jump the prior jumper. This changed the student's perception of the tree from soldier training to fun and games. Finny established this game because he was not one to let the depression of the war overcome him. He always tried to make others happy, going to any extreme to get a laugh. He was the sign of peace, childhood and fun at Devon. Without Finny, the students would soon lose to uch with their childhood, turning all their attention onto the war. Adolescence was also shown through Finny's clothing. Finny had no inhibitions, which was conveyed very well through his pink shirt and tie-belt. The pink shirt and tie-belt served as an emblem, because news had just arrived of the bombing overseas. Finny wore this to tea, something no one else would dare ever do.

My Father Goes to Court

Culture is the characteristics of a particular group of people, defined by everything from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts. Today, in the United States as in other countries populated largely by immigrants, the culture is influenced by the many groups of people that now make up the country. Knowledge is a familiarity with someone or something, which can include facts, information, descriptions, or skills acquired through experience or education. It can refer to the theoretical or practical understanding of a subject. It can be implicit (as with practical skill or expertise) or explicit (as with the theoretical understanding of a subject); it can be more or less formal or systematic. [1] In philosophy, the study of knowledge is called epistemology; the philosopher Plato famously defined knowledge as â€Å"justified true belief. † However, no single agreed upon definition of knowledge exists, though there are numerous theories to explain it. Belief – a state or habit of mind in which trust or confidence is placed in some person or thing Social Norm Pattern of behavior in a particular group, community, orculture, accepted as normal and to which an individual is accepted to conform. folkway, the learned behaviour, shared by a social group, that provides a traditional mode of conduct. Mores-The accepted traditional customs and usages of a particular social group. Law is a term which does not have a universally accepted definition,[2] but one definition is that law is a system of rules an d guidelines which are enforced through social institutions to govern behavior. Sanction- A penalty, specified or in the form of moral pressure, that acts to ensure compliance or conformity. Ethnocentrism is judging another culture solely by the values and standards of one's own culture. [1][page needed] The ethnocentric individual will judge other groups relative to his or her own particular ethnic group or culture, especially with concern to language, behavior, customs andreligion. Cultural relativism is a principle that was established as axiomatic in anthropological research by Franz Boas in the first few decades of the 20th century and later popularized by his students. Boas first articulated the idea in 1887: â€Å"†¦ civilization is not something absolute, but †¦ is relative, and †¦ our ideas and conceptions are true only so far as our civilization goes. â€Å"[1] However, Boas did not coin the term. The first use of the term recorded in the Dictionary was by philosopher and social theorist Alain Locke in 1924 to describe Robert Lowie's â€Å"extreme cultural relativism†, found in the latter's 1917 book Culture and Ethnology. [2] The term became common among anthropologists after Boas' death in 1942, to express their synthesis of a number of ideas Boas had developed. Boas believed that the sweep of cultures, to be found in connection with any sub species, is so vast and pervasive that there cannot be a relationship between culture and race. [3] Cultural relativism involves specific epistemological and methodological claims. Whether or not these claims necessitate a specific ethical stance is a matter of debate. This principle should not be confused with moral relativism. Xenocentrism is the preference for the products, styles, or ideas of someone else's culture rather than of one's own. 1] The concept is considered a subjective view of cultural relativism. [2] One example is the romanticization of the noble savage in the 18th century primitivism movement in European art, philosophy and ethnography. [3] A cultural universal (also called an anthropological universal or human universal), as discussed by Emile Durkheim, George Murdock, Claude Levi-Strauss, Donald Brownand others, is an element, pattern, trait, or institution that is common to all hum an cultures worldwide. Taken together, the whole body of cultural universals is known as the human condition. Evolutionary psychologists hold that behaviors or traits that occur universally in all cultures are good candidates for evolutionary adaptations. [1] Some anthropological and sociological theorists that take a cultural relativist perspective may deny the existence of cultural universals: the extent to which these universals are â€Å"cultural† in the narrow sense, or in fact biologically inherited behavior is an issue of â€Å"nature versus nurture†.

Role Of FDI In Industrial Growth Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 7 Words: 2146 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Analytical essay Did you like this example? In todays fast-globalising world,foreign investment is crucial to a countrys economy growth. Here is increasing competition among nations to attract foreign investment to spur economic growth.Foreign investment comes from two ways: foreign direct investment (FDI) and foreign institutional investment (FII). Foreign direct investment (FDI) FDI is defined as an investment made to acquire lasting (business) interest in enterprices operatimg outside of the investors economy. For instance, if a company registered in USA buys a stake in an Indian Company,such an investment is termed FDI. The FDI relationship consists of a parent enterprise and a foreign affiliate, which together form an multinational corporation. FDI, is permitted through financial collaborations, capital markets,joint ventures technical collaborations. The best example of FDI is Maruti Suzuki. Indias experience in the automobile sector with Suzuki ushering in the modern car on Indian roads that has been a force multiplier for the whole automobile sectors can be seen as a typical example of the collateral benefit of FDI. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Role Of FDI In Industrial Growth Finance Essay" essay for you Create order Foreign institutional investment (FII) (How FDI is different from FII) Foreign institutional investor is an institute (or an investor) that is registered in a country outside of the one in which it is currently investing. Such investors include insurance/reinsurance companies,pensionfunds,mutualfunds,hedgefunds,banks charitable trusts,foundations, and endowments. Where can an FII invest? All FIIs are required to obtain an initial registration with Securities Exchange Board of India (SEBI).For granting registration SEBI takes into account track record of FII. All registered FIIs can invest in equity market in shares ,debentures, mutual funds. One major market regulations pertaining FIIs is ONE FII cannot hold more than 10 % of total issued capital.SEBI also regulates that one company should not contribute more than 30 % share the portfolio of FII. C:UsersJ S CheemaPictures5-12-2010_09-25-03$investinindia_logo.gif How much FII inflow does India attract? As per data released by SEBI, FIIs invested U.S $ 6.6 billion in equities in Jan-Apr 2010, U.S $ 5.94 billion in debt in Jan -Apr 2010.s Number of registered FIIs under SEBI 1711 and registered sub-accounts* rose to 5,382 as of April 30,2010. *Sub-account- Foreign corporates or affiliates estd. outside India on whose behalf investments are proposed to be made in India. FDI in the Pre and Post-reform era of Indian Economy Foreign Investment Policy Pre-1991 era related to import substitution and imputed a highly confined role to FDI in the economy. As a result, foreign equity participation was limited to 40% and FDI was largely restricted to priority industries requiring sophisticated technology. E:LPU DocumentsBUSINESS ENVRNMNTEuro_banknotes.png Policy changes with regard to FDI were brought about consequent to the issuance of Industrial Policy Statements 1980 and 1982. For instance, 100 per cent export- oriented foreign firms were exempted from 40 per cent equity restrictions. Simplification of licensing procedures for MRTP companies; allowing non-resident Indians (NRIs) to invest in Indian companies through equity participation. However in July 1991 there were fundamental changes in policy. The important reforms were:- permitting large firms including foreign firms substantial expansion and diversification; allowing foreign firms upto a maximum of 51 per cent in high priority industries; Foreign investments allowed in 22 consumer goods industries subject to the conditions of dividend being ploughed back; de-reserving ready-made garments manufacturing and opening the industry to large-scale undertakings including foreign companies, subject to the export obligation of 50% and investment limit of Rs. 30 million were other significant policy changes relating to FDI flow. Realizing the importance of large investments special incentives have been offered for attracting FDI in these sectors in infrastructure industries like, power generation, telecommunications, petroleum exploration, petroleum refining, transportation (roads, railways, ports, shipping and air services),. Magnitude of FDI Inflows India was one of the lowest recipients of FDI among developing countries until 1970sIt was only in the 1990s and in the post-2000, India experienced significant inflows of foreign capital in the form of FDI and portfolio capital. India is far behind China in attracting FDI, but it has done remarkably well in recent years as compared to its performance in the past. For instance, FDI flows reached US $4675 million in 2003-04 from a small aggregate FDI inflow of US $ 1130 million for the period 1981-90. India is among the top four Asian destinations for foreign direct investments. The inflow of US $ 4.3 billion during 2003 was 26.47 per cent higher over the previous years inflow of US $3.4 billion. The share of FDI in both total foreign capital (TFC) and gross domestic product (GDP) reached over 2.3 per cent by 2002, from 0.025 per cent during the 1980s. The sudden jump in FDI inflows may be attributed to the policy of liberalisation since 1991. Trends in Sectorwise Share of FDI, 1921 2000 Adnatages of FDI FDI is usually preferred over other forms of external finance because it is non-debt creating; non-volatile,and its returns depend on the performance of the projects financed by the investors.C:UsersJ S CheemaPicturesFDI-logo21-300300.png FDI facilitates- international trade by promoting transfer of knowledge, skills, technology. In a world of cut throat competition and rapid technological change,FDIs catalytic complimentary role can be very valuable. Reasons that make India an attractive investment destination India is the worlds largest democracy with a stable political environment. India has an abundant English speaking, educated, skilled human resource base which offers its services at far cheaper rates than that may be found in any other developing or developed country. India is worlds leader in global outsourcing with more than 80% of the market. India has at this time a young population with roughly 80% of its population below 45 years of age. The India market is made more attractive by the fast growing consumer-class that is markedly western in its orientation . With favourable foreign investment policies, tax incentives and strong economic fundamentals, India offers attractive returns to prospective investors India is also being seen as the global destination for RD, engineering design and prototype development and a manufacturing hub for high technology products. Adequate natural resources and raw materials- Iron ore, Coal, bauxite, Fruits and Vegetables. A middle class of 250 million persons growing by 20 million annually major consumer of consumption goods, white goods and other durables. Judicial System- Established rule of law and a vibrant three tiered democracy The Entry Process- Investing in India Automatic Route-General rule Inform RBI within 30 days of inflow/issue of shares Location is in conformity with the prescribed parameters Units undertake to achieve exports and value addition norms as prescribed in the Export and Import Policy in force; Prior Permission-By exception Approval of Foreign Investment Promotion Board needed.Decision generally within 4-6 weeks. Proposals attracting compulsory licensing Items of manufacture reserved for the small scale sector Extension of foreign technology collaboration agreements Foreign Technology Transfer- Foreign technology is encouraged by the Government both through FDI and through foreign technology collaboration agreements. Approvals are not required in respect to all those foreign technology agreements which involve: a lump sum payment of up to USD 2 million royalty payable up to 5% on net domestic sales and 8% on exports, subject to a total payment of 8% on sales, without any restriction on the duration of royalty payments. Note It is permissible for an Indian Company to issue equity shares against lumpsum fee and royalty in convertible foreign currency. Is FDI allowed in all sectors? MAIN SECTORS WITH LIMIT FDI equity limit-Automatic route FDI requiring prior approval Insurance 26% Domestic airlines 49% Telecom services- Foreign equity 74% Private sector banks- 74% Mining of diamonds and precious stones- 74% Exploration and mining of coal and lignite for captive consumption- 74% Defence production 26% FM Broadcasting foreign equity 20% Broadcasting- cable, DTH, up-linking foreign equity 49% Trading- wholesale cash and carry, export trading, etc., 100% Tea plantation 100% Development of airports- 100% Sectors in which FDI is allowed 100% SECTORS UNDER AUTOMATIC ROUTE UPTO 100% FDI INFRASTRUCTURE SECTORS UNDER AUTOMATIC ROUTE UPTO 100% FDI Most manufacturing activities Non-banking financial services Drugs and pharmaceuticals that do not attract compulsory licensing or involve use of recombinant DNA technology Food processing Electronic hardware Software development Film industry Advertising Hospitals Private oil refineries Pollution control and management Exploration and mining of minerals other than diamonds and precious stones Management consultancy Venture capital funds/companies Setting up/development of industrial park/model town/SEZ Petroleum Products Pipeline Wholesale Trading Electricity Generation (except Atomic energy) Electricity Transmission Electricity Distribution Mass Rapid Transport System Roads Highways Toll Roads Vehicular Bridges Ports Harbours Hotel Tourism Townships, Housing, Built-up Infrastructure and Constr uction Development Project Greenfield Airports How much FDI does India attract? According to Ernst and Youngs 2010 European Attractiveness Survey, India is ranked 4th most attractive FDI destination in 2010. India attracted FDI equity inflows of U.S $1.2 billion during March 2010. The cumulative figure from August 1991 to March 2010 stood at U.S $ 132.4 billion,according to report released by Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (DIPP). FDI equity inflows during financial year 2009-10 were U.S $ 26 billion. ROLE OF FDI IN INDIAS MANUFACTURING EXPORTS India is a union of states with a strong centre. Economic Reform decisionin 1995 allowed state governments to retain foreign exchange income which was was a landmark decision. State governments were free to identify the industries in which they wanted investment. In terms of foreign investment 1st tier western southern states have been the most successful- Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Karnataka in particular, have attracted US$ 6-10billion each (approvals) over the 1991-98 period. The 2nd tier comprises Gujarat, Andhra Pradesh, West Bengal and Uttar Pradesh (between $3.6 and $4.6 billion each). Madhya Pradesh and Kerala come next, with $2.4billion and $1.4 billion respectively. Investment in Punjab, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh and Bihar was tiny, while eleven states received no foreign investment at all. Disadvantage of FDI- Promotion remains controversial and depends on the motive for investment. If the motive is to capture domestic market (tariff-jumping type of investm ent) it may not contribute to export growth. It puts an impact on local entrepreneur growth. Growth Sectors of economy for foreign investment- IT- India is worlds leader in global outsourcing with more than 80% of the market share. 100% FDI permitted without any prior approvals. 400 of Global Fortune 500 companies are clients of Indian firms RD base of over 100 FORTUNE 500 companies Joint Software development in a variety of applications Hardware manufacturing Telecommunications- Continuous increase in no. of phone internet subscribers Investment Opportunities Setting up manufacturing facilities; Supply of hand sets and equipments Telecom Value added service. Special Economic Zones (SEZs)- An SEZ is an export oriented duty free enclave, which is deemed to be outside the customs territory of India. Twenty two operational SEZs in India and over 200 SEZs are in various stages of approval and development. Tax deduction of 100% for 10 years for SEZ developer. Exemption from dividend distribution tax for SEZ developer. Exemption of Sales Tax on purchases from Domestic Tariff Area for both developer and a SEZ unit. Exemption from Service Tax for both developer and a SEZ unit. 15 year corporate tax exemption on export profits to a SEZ unit. No minimum export obligation. A 100% permitted under the automatic route for SEZ development. Branches of foreign companies in SEZs are eligible to undertake manufacturing activities. C:UsersJ S CheemaPicturespie_chart_Newsletter_11_05_10.gif Biotechnology and Bioinformatics- 100% FDI permitted without prior approval. 100% pass through Tax incentive to VCFs (venture capitalists) and FVCIs One main reason for growth implementation of product patent regime in India in accordance TRIPS. Nanotechnology 100% FDI permitted without prior approval. 100% pass through tax incentive to VCFs and FVCIs Manufacturing India is seen as the global destination for RD, engineering design and prototype development and a manufacturing hub for high technology products. expansion in core sectors in India such as Steel Chemicals and petrochemicals Consumer durables IT hardware and telecom Transportation Automobile- Opportunities to leverage on low cost, high-skilled manpower to reduce cost of production Auto Production 2005-06: 9 million Passenger Cars: 1 million Two wheelers: 7.6 million Retail Trading- Multi brands are expected to get permission soon. 50% FDI allowed in retail trading (Single Brand) Fashion lines worldwide looking to enter India market C:UsersJ S CheemaPicturesFDI-in-Aviation.jpg Tourism- India has fast emerged as one of the most enticing destinations for the global leisure traveler. 100% FDI is also allowed in hotels, which includes restraints, beach resorts and other tourist complexes providing accommodation and/or catering and food facilities to tourists. The tourism sector in India is expected to grow at 8% per annum, between 2007 and 2016. As travelers surge into India, the demand for rooms, across segments, has skyrocketed. Governments major policy initiatives for tourism include: Liberalization in aviation sector Rationalization in tax rates in the hospitality sector Tourist friendly visa regime Allowing setting up of Guest Houses Immigration services Making available land for construction of hotels C:UsersJ S CheemaPicturespie_chart_Newsletter_18_06_10.gif Other growing sectors- Energy Infrastructure Non- Banking Financial Services Banking Real Estate Media/Broadcasting Food Proces Sources Reference- Department of Industrial Policy and Promotion (Government of India) www.google.com